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Arbab Arshad. A short summary of this paper. Download Download PDF. Translate PDF. Information and Knowledge Management www. College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, College of Commerce, Govt. The regression results have also proven that there is significant relationship between the intellectual capital and organizational performance.

But public owned banks are not utilizing their intellectual capital optimally. Results has shown that for Govt. At the same time for the Private owned banks VAIC has significant relationship and impact on both profitability and productivity.

Introduction For the organizations importance about resources is making a shift from tangible resources to the intangible resources is due to the reason that companies and organizations started to use information technology, more dependence on expertise and technical ability and less dependence on manual labor and physical capital Brinker, It is necessary to make the organizations and leaders aware of the importance of the intellectual capital for the wellbeing of the emerging economies.

There are many advantages which can be achieved by disclosing the intellectual capital. This means that if intellectual capital is not measured or reported then there is risk of low attention towards its management and as a result firm will be in trouble.

In any country banking sector is considered as ever growing child and banking sector plays an important role in keeping the economy of any country in motion and the development process of any country. The degree of competition, efficiency and level of performance of banks in any country or specific locality is being determined by the banking structure, number, size and distribution of banks and marketing power of banks Azad, Researches have also shown that the response of capital markets is in the favor of the organizations that disclose and report their intellectual capital Garcia-Ayuso, ; Lev, Reporting the intellectual capital may also lead to the uncertainty about the organization as this improves the stock price Stewart, and leads to the decrease in instability of stock prices, decreases the cost of capital to the firm Garcia-Ayuso, The objective of this study is to have a look at the intellectual efficiency of the commercial Banks of Pakistan as well as to empirically examine the relationship between intellectual capital and financial performance profitability and productivity of the banks working in Pakistan.

Intellectual includes three components Human capital, Structural capital and social capital. Human capital includes the abilities, skills, experience, specialties of an individual member of the organization and Human capital is the basic source of the innovation Bounfour, ; Brooking, ; Edvinsson and Malone, Structural capital plays supportive role for the human capital in organizations to convert the individual know how to the group property.

Structural capital also helps the employees to support employees to get the optimum intellectual performance and ultimately better organizational performance. Third and last component of the intellectual capital is the social capital also called customer capital includes the both individual and organizational level relations with the society or other stakeholders Burt, ; Coleman, ; Edvinsson and Malone, ; Ross et al. Table 1. Business model of the information age states that intangible assets add more value than the tangible resources.

Intangible assets are the modern value drivers which transform the resources to the value added tangibles Hall Stewart states the intellectual capital is the brain power of a company which includes knowledge information, intellectual property and expertise used to create value. Intangibles are also linked to the credibility and innovation potential of the management, identified brand, ability to attract talented individuals, research leadership social responsibility and attitude towards environment Funk Sullivan defines IC as knowledge which can be converted to the profit.

Many authors and researchers contributed to the field of intellectual capital to find a specific measuring tool to measure the intellectual capital but the most significant and earlier attempt was being made by the edvinsson Edvinsson developed the Skandia Navigator as the measurement tool of intellectual capital for the first time.

According to the resource based view of firms intangible properties are also important along with the tangible properties. Intellectual capital has ever been seen as strategic asset of any organization because a positive relationship is being anticipated between intellectual capital and performance of an organization. There are many definitions provided by many authors and researchers as Itami stated that technology, brand name, customer loyalty, goodwill and copy rights etc.

Pulic wrote intellectual capital as employees and capabilities of the employees to add value to the organizations. According to Sullivan , p. Human capital, structural capital and relational capital are the three components which are being identified by many researchers and authors Holton and Yamkovenko, ; Yang and Lin, Intellectual capital is sum of skills of human or employees of the organization , structural capital i. Sum of each employee and everything in the company which provides competitive advantage to the firm is intellectual capital Stewart Edvinsson and Sullivan stated that the knowledge which can be converted to the value for the organization is intellectual capital.

Brooking define Intellectual capital as the term given to combined intangible assets which enable the company to function. Literature Review There are two reasons that why the measurement of intellectual capital is important.

First reason states that by measuring the intellectual capital an organization will be able to allocate its resources in a better way. While investigating the impact of intellectual capital components over the financial performance of the companies listed in the Hong Kong stock exchange it was found that there is moderate relationship between the intellectual capital and financial performance of the companies Hang b.

Kamath while studying the relationship between the intellectual capital and firm performance of the drug and medical industry of India by using the VAIC found that Human capital is positively related with ROA and ATO. Bontis states that many different fields are trying to conceptualize the intellectual capital from different perspectives like accountants want to measure it, information technologists wish to codify to the computer systems, sociologists trying to balance power with it and HR managers are willing to calculate ROI on intellectual capital.

This field is growing very fast but no one knows that where it is heading. Clarke et al in their study reported that intellectual capital and organizational performance are positively related. Similar findings were reported by the Calisir et al in the Turkish companies. This study was being made on many different sectors Tan et al Chen et al reported from Taiwan that investors give more importance to the organization which invests more in intellectual capital.

Further they stated that intellectual capital is positively related with firm performance. Salman et al. They concluded that human capital has more impact on firm performance than structural and physical capital. Anvari Rostami et al. Ghalichli et al. Maditinos et al in his study about the relationship of intellectual capital and firm performance considered the intellectual capital as strategically important asset for the companies.

Joshi et al while examining the relationship between VAIC and performance of Australia found that intellectual capital and its components have significant impact over firm performance. Further he stated that human capital is most critical component of intellectual capital. Methodology 3. There are 21 banks are working in Pakistan which are scheduled in State Bank of Pakistan.

Out of 21 banks 5 banks are public sector banks and 17 are private owned banks. Data was collected from the annual reports of the banks for the past 5 years starting from to But data of one govt. This model uses the data provided in the financial statements and provides information that how much and how efficiently IC and its components and capital employed adds value. The process of calculating the VAIC Model is as following as provided by the Pulic , First step is to measure the Value Added VA by subtracting the operating expenses other than employee costs from the income of the organization.

This measures the managerial effectiveness in generating profits. Return on assets is calculated by diving net income by Average total assets Gitman,